Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions
AERI's Zero Emission Approach:
Green Synthetic Fuel Production with CHEGPG Power
Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist
Visiting Professor of Quantum Physics,
California Institute of Technology
IEEE-USA Fellow
American Physical Society-USA Fellow
PhD. & Dr. Kazuto Kamuro
AERI：Artificial Evolution Research Institute
Pasadena, California
and
Xyronix Corporation
Pasadena, California
Foreword
A. Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions, provided by CALTECH professor Kazuto Kamuro(Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Ph.D. in Quantum Physics, Semiconductor Physics, and Quantum Optics), Chief Researcher at the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI, https://www.aeri-japan.com/) and Xyronix Corporation(specializing in the design of a. Neural Connection LSI, b. BCI LSI（Brain-Computer Interface LSI） (Large Scale Integrated Circuits) , and c. bio-computer semiconductor technology that directly connects bio-semiconductors, serving as neural connectors, to the brain's nerves at the nano scale, https://www.usaxyronix.com/), are based on research and development achievements in cutting-edge fields such as quantum physics, biophysics, neuroscience, artificial brain studies, intelligent biocomputing, next-generation technologies, quantum semiconductors, satellite optoelectronics, quantum optics, quantum computing science, brain computing science, nano-sized semiconductors, ultra-large-scale integration engineering, non-destructive testing, lifespan prediction engineering, ultra-short pulses, and high-power laser science.
The Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation employ over 160 individuals with Ph.D.s in quantum brain science, quantum neurology, quantum cognitive science, molecular biology, electronic and electrical engineering, applied physics, information technology (IT), data science, communication engineering, semiconductor and materials engineering. They also have more than 190 individuals with doctoral degrees in engineering and over 230 engineers, including those specializing in software, network, and system engineering, as well as programmers, dedicated to advancing research and development.
Building on the outcomes in unexplored and extreme territories within these advanced research domains, AERI and Xyronix Corporation aim to provide opportunities for postgraduate researchers in engineering disciplines. Through achievements in areas such as the 6th generation computer, nuclear deterrence, military unmanned systems, missile defense, renewable and clean energy, climate change mitigation, environmental conservation, Green Transformation (GX), and national resilience, the primary objective is to furnish scholars with genuine opportunities for learning and discovery. The overarching goal is to transform them from 'reeds that have just begun to take a step as reeds capable of thinking' into 'reeds that think, act, and relentlessly pursue growth.' This initiative aims to impart a guiding philosophy for complete metamorphosis and to provide guidance for venturing into unexplored and extreme territories, aspiring to fulfill the role of pioneers in this new era.
B. In the cutting-edge research domain, the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation have made notable advancements in various fields. Some examples include:
1. AERI･HEL (Petawatt-class Ultra-High Power Terawatt-class Ultra-High Power
Femtosecond Laser)
◦ Petawatt-class ultra-high power terawatt-class ultra-short pulse laser (AERI･HEL)
2. 6th Generation Computer&Computing
◦ Consciousness-driven Bio-Computer
◦ Brain Implant Bio-Computer
3. Carbon-neutral AERI synthetic fuel chemical process
(Green Transformation (GX) technology)
◦ Production of synthetic fuel (LNG methanol) through CO₂ recovery system (DAC)
4. Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology(Green Transformation (GX) technology)
◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling system-type AERI synthetic fuel chemical process
5. Direct Air Capture Technology (DAC)
◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling carbon dioxide circulation recovery system
6. Bio-LSI・Semiconductors
◦ Neural connection element directly connecting bio-semiconductors and brain nerves
on a nanoscale
◦ Brain LSI Chip Set, Bio-Computer LSI, BMI LSI, BCI LSI, Brain Computing LSI,
Brain Implant LSI
7. CHEGPG System (Closed Cycle Heat Exchange Power Generation System with
Thermal Regenerative Binary Engine)
◦ Power generation capability of Terawatt (TW), annual power generation of
10,000 TWh (terawatt-hour) class
◦ 1 to 0.01 yen/kWh, infinitely clean energy source, renewable energy source
8. Consciousness-Driven Generative Autonomous Robot
9. Brain Implemented Robot･Cybernetic Soldier
10. Generative Robot, Generative Android Army, Generative Android
11. High-Altitude Missile Initial Intercept System, Enemy Base Neutralization System,
Nuclear and Conventional Weapon Neutralization System, Next-Generation
Interception Laser System for ICBMs, Next-Generation Interception Laser System
for Combat Aircraft
12. Boost Phase, Mid-Course Phase, Terminal Phase Ballistic Missile Interception System
13. Volcanic Microseismic Laser Remote Sensing
14. Volcanic Eruption Prediction Technology, Eruption Precursor Detection System
15. Mega Earthquake Precursor and Prediction System
16. Laser Degradation Diagnosis, Non-Destructive Inspection System
17. Ultra-Low-Altitude Satellite, Ultra-High-Speed Moving Object
Non-Destructive Inspection System
✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼
AERI's Zero Emission Approach: Green Synthetic Fuel Production with CHEGPG Power
Abstract:
This paper focuses on AERI's innovative approach to zero-emission energy production through the AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process. Utilizing renewable CHEGPG electricity and a carbon-neutral CO2 recovery system, AERI produces green synthetic fuels. The study assesses the feasibility and environmental benefits of these fuels, emphasizing their application in various transportation sectors. The findings underscore AERI's commitment to achieving zero emissions and contributing to sustainable energy solutions.
1. The amount of NOX emissions from the ammonia power generation system and its impact on global warming
a. Ammonia Power Generation and NOX Emissions:
· The ammonia power generation system utilizes ammonia as a fuel to generate electricity, and the quantity of NOX (nitrogen oxides) emissions in this system is contingent on the combustion process. In general, ammonia power generation is acknowledged for having relatively low NOX emissions during combustion. This is attributed to the enhanced control over the formation of nitrogen oxides when utilizing ammonia as a fuel, distinguishing it favorably from other conventional fuels.
b. NOX and its Impact on Global Warming:
· NOX, upon release into the atmosphere, can contribute to global warming. It possesses the capability to initiate photochemical reactions, fostering the creation of ozone and other oxidants. This, in turn, may elevate greenhouse gas levels, recognized as a factor in global warming and potentially influencing temperature increases.
c. Mitigating Impact and Environmental Considerations:
· Despite its association with NOX emissions, the ammonia power generation system is deemed to have comparatively lower NOX emissions than certain fossil fuel-based power generation methods. This characteristic contributes to mitigating its impact on global warming. Nevertheless, a comprehensive evaluation should encompass considerations of other environmental factors and sustainability aspects.
· Notably, existing technologies and regulatory frameworks are in place to further curtail NOX emissions. Ongoing efforts in this regard play a crucial role in reducing NOX levels associated with ammonia power generation, aligning with broader environmental goals and enhancing the sustainability profile of this energy generation method.
2. Can the ammonia power generation system eliminate NOX emissions entirely?
A. Challenges in Achieving Zero NOX Emissions in Ammonia Power Generation:
· Although the ammonia power generation system typically exhibits lower NOX (nitrogen oxides) emissions compared to certain alternative fuels, completely eliminating NOX emissions poses a substantial challenge. Achieving zero NOX emissions would necessitate a comprehensive redesign of the entire combustion process, coupled with the adoption of advanced emission control technologies. The inherent nitrogen content in ammonia adds to the complexity, as completely eliminating NOX emissions from a nitrogen-containing fuel presents inherent challenges.
B. Methods for NOX Emissions Reduction:
a. Optimization of the Combustion Process:
· Improving the combustion process stands as a primary method to minimize the generation of NOX. Enhancements in combustion efficiency can contribute to reduced NOX emissions.
b. Use of Emission Control Systems:
· Implementing Emission Control Systems, such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) or Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR), provides effective means to diminish NOX emissions. These systems facilitate the targeted reduction of nitrogen oxides through chemical processes.
c. Fuel Quality Management:
· Managing the quality and purity of ammonia is crucial in controlling NOX emissions. Minimizing impurities in the ammonia fuel can positively impact the emission levels during combustion.
d. Engineering Challenges in Achieving Zero Emissions:
· Despite the inherent advantages of lower NOX emissions in ammonia-based power generation, addressing engineering and technical challenges is imperative for moving toward zero emissions. Ongoing efforts driven by technological advancements and environmental considerations offer the potential for further reduction in NOX emissions in the future.
Efforts in these directions underscore the commitment to advancing ammonia power generation with a focus on environmental sustainability and emission control.
3. Which of NOX and CO2 has a more significant impact on global warming?
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide):
· Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect, which is essential for maintaining a habitable temperature on Earth.
· CO2 is released into the atmosphere through various natural processes such as respiration and volcanic activity. However, human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have significantly increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
· CO2 is known for its long atmospheric lifetime, meaning it can persist in the atmosphere for hundreds to thousands of years. This long-term presence makes it a key driver of long-term climate change and global warming.
NOX (Nitrogen Oxides):
· Nitrogen oxides, including nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are pollutants that can be emitted from various sources, including combustion processes in vehicles and industrial facilities.
· While NOX contributes to air pollution and can have detrimental effects on human health and the environment, its role in global warming is different from that of CO2.
· NOX has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime compared to CO2. It can react with other compounds in the atmosphere and be removed through deposition, which limits its long-term impact on climate.
In summary, CO2 is considered a major driver of long-term global warming due to its extended atmospheric lifetime and its role in enhancing the greenhouse effect. While NOX contributes to air pollution and has its own environmental implications, its impact on global warming is generally shorter-lived compared to CO2. Efforts to mitigate climate change often focus on reducing both CO2 and NOX emissions, recognizing their distinct roles in atmospheric processes and their potential contributions to environmental issues.
A. CO2 (Carbon Dioxide):
1. CO2 as a Primary Greenhouse Gas:
· CO2 is indeed one of the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun, preventing it from escaping back into space and thus warming the planet. Other major greenhouse gases include methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).
2. Persistent Impact on Global Warming:
· The extended atmospheric lifetime of CO2 is a crucial factor in its impact on global warming. Unlike some other greenhouse gases that may have shorter lifetimes, CO2 remains in the atmosphere for a considerable period, contributing to a persistent greenhouse effect.
3. Human Activities and Increased CO2 Concentrations:
· Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas) and deforestation, have significantly increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. This enhanced concentration amplifies the greenhouse effect, leading to a rise in global temperatures.
4. Primary Contribution through Temperature Elevation:
· While CO2 does absorb some solar radiation, its primary contribution to global warming occurs through the trapping of infrared radiation (heat) emitted by the Earth's surface. This trapped heat leads to an elevation in temperatures, resulting in the observed trends of climate change and global warming.
B. NOX (Nitrogen Oxides):
・NOX primarily generates ozone in the atmosphere, and ozone is another greenhouse gas. Therefore, NOX indirectly impacts global warming. When NOX is released into the atmosphere, it enhances ozone formation, which may lead to temperature increases.
・On the other hand, NOX itself has a significantly shorter atmospheric residence time compared to the greenhouse gas CO2, and its impact is relatively short-term.
・In summary, the impact of CO2 is longer-lasting and more sustained, making it a major factor in global warming. NOX has mainly indirect effects, contributing to temporary temperature increases through ozone formation, but its influence is relatively limited. Therefore, reducing CO2 emissions is considered the most effective approach to mitigating global warming.
4. Is the ammonia-based power generation method globally accepted, or does it face criticism?
The ammonia-based power generation method is currently under research and development as an environmentally conscious energy generation approach and is being implemented in some locations. While this method has several advantages, it also raises certain concerns and criticisms. Below are some general assessment factors related to the ammonia-based power generation method.
A. Advantages:
a. Low-Carbon Energy: Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel, and it has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This makes it promising for climate change mitigation efforts.
b. Accessibility: Ammonia is widely available and can be used for energy storage and transportation, which is expected to enhance energy supply stability.
B. Concerns and Criticisms:
a. NOX Emissions:
· The combustion of ammonia, like many other fuels, has the potential to produce nitrogen oxides (NOX). NOX emissions can contribute to air pollution and have adverse effects on air quality and human health. Implementing emission control systems is essential to mitigate and regulate the release of NOX into the atmosphere. These systems, such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) or Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR), play a crucial role in minimizing the environmental impact of ammonia combustion.
b. Safety Concerns:
· Ammonia, while a promising fuel, comes with safety considerations due to its toxic properties. Handling ammonia requires proper precautions to prevent leaks or accidents that could pose risks to both human health and the environment. Adequate safety measures, including robust storage and transportation protocols, are essential to ensure the secure use of ammonia as a fuel.
In summary, addressing NOX emissions and ensuring safety in the handling of ammonia are critical aspects of implementing ammonia-based power generation. These considerations underscore the importance of comprehensive planning and regulatory measures to harness the benefits of ammonia as a fuel while minimizing its potential negative impacts.
C. Technical Challenges:
a. Development of Ammonia Combustion Technology:
· Ongoing efforts are being made to develop and optimize ammonia combustion technology, with the goal of reducing CO2 emissions. However, concerns arise regarding the potential increase in NOX due to the co-combustion of ammonia, which contains nitrogen. Japanese manufacturers have a history of addressing NOX emissions related to nitrogen, and the co-combustion of nitrogen-containing ammonia remains a significant concern.
b. Technological Developments and NOX Emissions:
· Current efforts focus on technologies like low-NOX combustion to achieve a 20% co-combustion rate of ammonia in existing coal-fired power plants. While aiming for low emissions of NOX during ammonia co-combustion, achieving "zero emissions" is deemed challenging. There's a shift towards the term "low emissions" NOX as a more realistic goal compared to the unattainable "zero emissions" target.
c. Challenges in Ammonia Combustion:
· Ammonia-based power generation faces challenges, including the lower laminar burning velocity of ammonia compared to traditional hydrocarbon fuels. This makes stable combustion difficult, and forced combustion may result in significant NOX generation. Issues such as burner design, scheme selection for NH3/H2 fuel, and mechanisms for managing Thermal NOX and Fuel NOX within the burner are yet to be fully resolved.
d. Experimental Status and Global Environmental Goals:
· Current experiments aim to achieve stable combustion of challenging NH3, focusing on reducing NOX emissions rather than achieving zero emissions. Japan faces challenges in meeting global environmental goals, including the 2030 greenhouse gas minus emissions targets. The aspiration for NH3 zero emissions seems challenging, and progress toward this goal is yet to be realized, leading to a form of isolation termed "Galapagosization."
5. Zero Carbon, Infinite Energy Source CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation has Zero Transportation Costs
a. In the case of fuel cells, ammonia is being considered as an alternative fuel to hydrogen, primarily due to its ease of transportation and cost-effectiveness
While hydrogen offers various advantages, it presents challenges due to its extremely low liquefaction temperature of minus 270 degrees Celsius, making transportation and storage difficult and incurring higher storage costs.
Ammonia, on the other hand, is relatively easy to transport and store when compared to hydrogen. It also benefits from a long history of use as a fertilizer, which has led to well-established technologies for its production, transportation, and storage.
In contrast, the power generation energy used in the Zero Carbon, Infinite Energy Source CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation comes from deep underground geothermal energy, which has zero emissions of greenhouse gases. This is a zero-emission power generation method, and it eliminates the need for the transportation and storage of fuel. As a result, there are no transportation means or storage facilities required, and both transportation costs and storage costs are zero.
b. The Ultra-Affordable, Zero-Carbon, Infinite Energy Source CHEGPG (Geothermal Power Generation) at 1 yen/kWh to 0.01 yen/kWh
・The cost of hydrogen power generation is approximately 97.3 yen per kWh (as of 2020).
・Even with the most cost-effective ammonia-only combustion power generation method, the cost is approximately 23.5 yen per kWh (as of fiscal year 2018). In the ammonia-based power generation method, there are also proposals for methods to convert hydrogen into ammonia, transport it, and then extract hydrogen from it, considering that the ammonia molecule contains hydrogen.
・The AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process (Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology) is a zero-emission fuel production technology with no greenhouse gas emissions. It utilizes the carbon-neutral and carbon-recycling carbon dioxide recovery system (CO2 recovery system) to collect an unlimited amount of CO2 and produce green synthetic fuels like green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG using renewable CHEGPG electricity, which is generated at an ultra-low cost of 1 yen/kWh to 0.01 yen/kWh. The CHEGPG (Geothermal Power Generation) method, with these green synthetic fuels, can generate a permanent, 24/7, ultra-low-cost, zero-carbon, infinite energy of 1 yen to 0.01 yen per kWh, reaching annual power generation capacities of Terawatts (TW) with an annual output of 10,000 TWh (terawatt-hours).
・The ammonia-based power generation method may face challenges when procuring a large quantity of ammonia for fuel from the current market, as it could disrupt the supply-demand balance and lead to price surges. This could affect various sectors that use ammonia as a raw material. In particular, if the price of ammonia-based fertilizers surges, it could contribute to an increase in food prices. Therefore, if substantial ammonia procurement for fuel is required, establishing a new production system becomes necessary.
・Additionally, even if sufficient ammonia fuel is procured for ammonia-based power generation, the cost of electricity generation is predicted to be higher compared to existing thermal power generation. In the case of co-combustion ammonia-based power generation with a 20% ammonia mix, the generation cost is estimated to be around 1.2 times that of coal-fired power generation. If it were to transition to a 100% ammonia-only combustion power generation method, the generation cost would increase significantly, surpassing more than twice that of coal-fired power generation. To facilitate large-scale ammonia production for fuel, further cost reduction measures are required.
c. The CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation method makes efficient use of existing facilities.
Thermal power generation is a method of converting heat energy obtained from fossil fuels (such as oil, coal, natural gas) or biomass reactions into electricity.
・Because it utilizes geothermal energy drawn from deep underground, the CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation method is a zero-emission power generation method with no greenhouse gas emissions. It can be implemented by repurposing the steam turbine sections of existing coal and natural gas thermal power generation facilities.
・Similarly, in the case of ammonia co-combustion with the boiler of a thermal power plant in the ammonia-based power generation method, it can be adapted by simply modifying burners and other components.
・Both the CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation method and the ammonia-based power generation method allow for minimal new infrastructure and initial investment, eliminating the need for decommissioning thermal power plants.
6. At AERI, there are zero emissions as they recover CO2 from the atmosphere using a carbon-neutral and carbon-recycling carbon dioxide recovery system (CO2 recovery system)
・With an unlimited, ultra-low-cost electricity of 1 yen/kWh to 0.01 yen/kWh generated by renewable CHEGPG power and an abundance of CO2 collected using a carbon-neutral and carbon-recycling carbon dioxide recovery system (CO2 recovery system), the AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process (Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology) is a zero-emission method that produces green synthetic fuels such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG.
・These green synthetic fuels, such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG, are used as fuel in land transportation (freight trucks), maritime transportation (tankers, cargo ships), and aviation (airplanes, transport planes).
END
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Quantum Brain Chipset & Bio Processor (BioVLSI)
♠♠♠ Kazuto Kamuro: Professor, PhD, and Doctor of Engineering ♠♠♠
・Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Ph.D. in Quantum Physics, Semiconductor Physics, and Quantum Optics
・Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist involved in CALTECH & AERI
・Associate Professor of Quantum Physics, California Institute of Technology（CALTECH）
・Associate Professor and Brain Scientist in Artificial Evolution Research Institute（ AERI: https://www.aeri-japan.com/ ）
・Chief Researcher at Xyronix Corporation(https://www.usaxyronix.com/)
・IEEE-USA Fellow
・American Physical Society Fellow
・email: info@aeri-japan.com
----------------------------------------------------
【Keywords】
・Artificial Evolution Research Institute: AERI, Pasadena, California
HP： HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/
・Xyronix Corporation, Pasadena, California
----------------------------------------------------
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